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This file system efficiently supports large hard drives by minimizing the smallest size used to store a single file.įor version 10.3, Mac OS X also supports the Mac OS Extended Journaled format.

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ĭarwin also provides the input/output services for Mac OS X and easily supports three key characteristics of modern devices: plug-and-play, hot-swapping, and power management.ĭarwin, through its Virtual File System (VFS) design, supports several file systems under Mac OS X, including the following:Īlso known as Hierarchical File System Plus (HFS+), this is the default file system under Mac OS X as it has been under the more recent versions of the Mac OS (those since Mac OS 8).

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The Darwin code and documentation can be found at. Thus, it is possible to provide alternative versions of the Darwin core to change and enhance Mac OS X.

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A programmer can download the Darwin code and modify it. This means that the code of which Darwin is composed is freely available to anyone who wants to use it. Because the virtual memory system was not very efficient, you had to be careful about when you had it turned on because it would cause the performance of some applications to slow to a crawl, even if you had plenty of RAM.ĭarwin is open source. Under previous versions of the Mac OS, you had to control how virtual memory was used manually.

It manages the virtual memory use efficiently so that virtual memory is used only as necessary to ensure maximum performance. The Mach core uses a virtual memory system that is always on. This resulted in instability when applications couldn't get the resources they needed and poor performance for those applications that were not able to 'grab' the system resources they needed (this is why some processes stopped when you moved them to the background). Under that scheme, applications had to fight among themselves for the resources they needed. This is in contrast to the cooperative multitasking in previous versions of the Mac OS. This ensures both stability and maximum performance for both foreground and background processes. Under Mac OS X (or, more specifically, Mach), the operating system controls the processes that the processor is performing to ensure that all applications and system services have the resources they need and that the processor is used efficiently. Under Mac OS X, you don't need to think about how RAM is being used the OS takes care of it for you (if you have ever struggled to manually allocate RAM under OS 9 and earlier, you know why not having to do this anymore is a very good thing). Mac OS X manages RAM for you it automatically allocates RAM to applications that need it. Under Mac OS X, only the data in the crashing application is at risk. When one application crashed, it usually took down others and often the OS itself, which resulted in your losing unsaved data in all the applications. In contrast, previous versions of the Mac OS did not have protected memory. You can safely shut down the hung application and continue working in the others. Therefore, if a running application crashes or hangs, other applications aren't affected. It ensures that each application remains in its own memory space and so does not affect other applications. Mach provides a separate memory area in which each application can run. Mach's major features include the following: This part of the operating system performs the fundamental tasks, such as data flow into and from the CPU, memory use, and so on. The heart of the Darwin core is called Mach.

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Mac OS X is built on a Unix core the Darwin core is based on the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) version of Unix. You can think of Mac OS X being composed of four layers the bottom layer provides the core OS services, whereas each layer toward the top provides services that are 'closer' to the user. Finally, the top layer is the user interface, which is called Aqua. Then comes the application layer, which has four components, those being Classic, Carbon, Cocoa, and Java.

Moving 'up' through the layers, the next layer is the graphics subsystem, which consists of three parts: Quartz, OpenGL, and QuickTime.

The base level of the operating system is its Unix core, which is called Darwin. Understanding the architecture and terminology of Mac OS X is important to be able to use it effectively.įunctionally, the Mac OS X architecture consists of several layers that are often shown graphically as in Figure 1.1.

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